Installing an NFT Contract using the Rust Casper Client
This documentation will guide you through installing and interacting with an instance of the CEP-78 enhanced NFT standard contract through Casper's Rust CLI client. The contract code installs an instance of CEP-78 given the session arguments provided. It requires a minimum Rust version of 1.63.0. The code for this tutorial is available in GitHub. A portion of this tutorial reviews the contract.
Information on the modalities used throughout this installation process can be found in the modalities documentation.
Table of Contents
Environment Setup
Prerequisites
Before using this guide, ensure you meet the following requirements:
- Set up the development prerequisites, including the Casper client
- Get a valid node address from the network
- Know how to install a smart contract on a Casper network
- Hold enough CSPR tokens to pay for transactions
The Writing Rust Contracts on Casper document outlines many aspects of this tutorial and should be read as a prerequisite.
Building the Contract and Tests
First, clone the contract from GitHub:
git clone https://github.com/casper-ecosystem/cep-78-enhanced-nft/ && cd cep-78-enhanced-nft
Prepare your environment with the following command:
make prepare
If your environment is set up correctly, you will see this output:
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
info: component 'rust-std' for target 'wasm32-unknown-unknown' is up to date
If you do not see this message, check the Getting Started Guide.
The contract code can be compiled to Wasm by running the make build-contract command provided in the Makefile at the top level. The Wasm will be found in the contract/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release directory as contract.wasm.
You can also compile your contract and run the contract unit tests with this command:
make test
Reviewing the Contract Implementation
In this repository, you will find a library and an example NFT implementation for Casper networks. This section explains the example contract in more detail.
There are four steps to follow when you intend to create your implementation of the NFT contract, as follows:
- Fork the code from the example repository listed above.
- Perform any necessary customization changes on your fork of the example contract.
- Compile the customized code to Wasm.
- Send the customized Wasm as a deploy to a Casper network.
Included Crates and Modules
The contract implementation starts by importing the following essential Casper crates:
- casper_contract - A Rust library for writing smart contracts on Casper networks
- casper_types - Types used to allow the creation of Wasm contracts and tests for use on Casper networks
The contract code defines additional modules in the contract/src folder:
constants- Constant values required to run the contract codeerror- Errors related to the NFT contractevents- A library for contract-emitted eventsmetadata- A module handling the contract's metadata and corresponding dictionarymodalities- Common expectations around contract usage and behaviorutils- Utility and helper functions to run the contract code
Initialization Flow
Initializing the contract happens through the call() -> install_contract() -> init() functions inside the main.rs contract file. The init() function reads the runtime arguments and defines parameters such as collection_name, collection_symbol, and total_token_supply, among the other required and optional arguments described here.
Contract Entrypoints
This section briefly explains the essential entrypoints used in the Casper NFT contract. To see their full implementation, refer to the main.rs contract file. For further questions, contact the Casper support team via the Discord channel.
- approve - Allows a spender to transfer up to an amount of the owners’s tokens
- balance_of - Returns the token balance of the owner
- burn - Burns tokens, reducing the total supply
- get_approved - Returns the hash of the approved account for a specified token identifier
- init - Sets the collection name, symbol, and total token supply; initializes the allow minting setting, minting mode, ownership mode, NFT kind, holder mode, whitelist mode and contract whitelist, JSON schema, receipt name, identifier mode, and burn mode. This entrypoint can only be called once when the contract is installed on the network
- is_approved_for_all - Returns yes if an account is approved as an operator for a token owner
- metadata - Returns the metadata associated with a token identifier
- mint - Mints additional tokens if minting is allowed, increasing the total supply
- owner_of - Returns the owner for a specified token identifier
- register_owner - Register an owner for a specified token identifier. Works when the OwnerReverseLookupMode is set to Complete
- revoke - Revokes an account that was approved for an identified token transfer. The OwnershipMode must be set to Transferable
- set_approval_for_all - Allows a spender to transfer all of the owner's tokens
- set_token_metadata - Sets the metadata associated with a token identifier
- set_variables - Allows the user to set any combination of variables simultaneously, defining which variables are mutable or immutable
- transfer - Transfers tokens from the token owner to a specified account. The transfer will succeed if the caller is the token owner or an approved operator. The OwnershipMode must be set to Transferable
- updated_receipts - Allows an owner of one or more NFTs held by the contract instance to attain up to date receipt information for the NFTs they currently own. Works when the OwnerReverseLookupMode is set to Complete
There is also the migrate entrypoint, which was needed only for migrating a 1.0 version of the NFT contract to version 1.1.
important
The following entrypoints return data using runtime::ret, which is useful mainly if the entrypoint caller is a contract:
mint(with OwnerReverseLookupMode set to Complete)transfer(with OwnerReverseLookupMode set to TransfersOnly)balance_ofis_approved_for_allowner_ofmetadata
Installing the Contract
Installing the enhanced NFT contract to global state requires using a Deploy. But before proceeding with the installation, verify the network state and the status of the account that will send the installation deploy.
Querying Global State
This step queries information about the network state given the latest state root hash. You will also need the IP address from a Testnet peer node.
casper-client get-state-root-hash --node-address http://localhost:11101/rpc/
Querying the Account State
Run the following command and supply the path to your public key in hexadecimal format to get the account hash if you don't have it already.
casper-client account-address --public-key [PATH_TO_PUBLIC_KEY_HEX]
Use the command below to query the state of your account.
casper-client query-global-state --node-address http://<HOST:PORT> \
--state-root-hash [STATE_ROOT_HASH] \
--key [ACCOUNT_HASH]
Expand for a sample query and response
casper-client query-global-state --node-address http://localhost:11101/rpc/ \
--state-root-hash 376b18e95312328f212f9966200fa40734e66118cbd34ace0a1ec14eacaea6e6 \
--key account-hash-82729ae3b368bb2c45d23c05c872c446cbcf32b694f1d9efd3d1ea46cf227a11
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": -6733022256306802125,
"result": {
"api_version": "1.5.6",
"block_header": null,
"stored_value": {
"Account": {
"account_hash": "account-hash-e70dbca48c2d31bc2d754e51860ceaa8a1a49dc627b20320b0ecee1b6d9ce655",
"named_keys": [],
"main_purse": "uref-11e6fc5354f61a004df98482376c45964b8b1557e8f2f13fb5f3adab5faa8be1-007",
"associated_keys": [
{
"account_hash": "account-hash-e70dbca48c2d31bc2d754e51860ceaa8a1a49dc627b20320b0ecee1b6d9ce655",
"weight": 1
}
],
"action_thresholds": {
"deployment": 1,
"key_management": 1
}
}
},
"merkle_proof": "[32706 hex chars]"
}
}
Sending the Installation Deploy
Below is an example of a casper-client command that provides all required session arguments to install a valid instance of the CEP-78 contract on global state.
Use the Testnet to understand the exact gas amount required for installation. Refer to the note about gas prices to understand payment amounts and gas price adjustments.
casper-client put-deploy -n http://localhost:11101/rpc/ --chain-name "casper-net-1" --payment-amount 500000000000 -k ~/casper/casper-node/utils/nctl/assets/net-1/nodes/node-2/keys/secret_key.pem --session-path contract/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/contract.wasm
-
--session-arg "collection_name:string='CEP-78-collection'"The name of the NFT collection as a string. In this instance, "CEP-78-collection".
-
--session-arg "collection_symbol:string='CEP78'"The symbol representing the NFT collection as a string. In this instance, "CEP78".
-
--session-arg "total_token_supply:u64='100'"The total supply of tokens to be minted. In this instance, 100. If the contract owner is unsure of the total number of NFTs they will require, they should err on the side of caution.
-
--session-arg "ownership_mode:u8='2'"The ownership mode for this contract. In this instance, the 2 represents "Transferable" mode. Under these conditions, users can freely transfer their NFTs between one another.
-
--session-arg "nft_kind:u8='1'"The type of commodity represented by these NFTs. In this instance, the 1 represents a digital collection.
-
--session-arg "nft_metadata_kind:u8='0'"The type of metadata used by this contract. In this instance, the 0 represents CEP-78 standard for metadata.
-
--session-arg "json_schema:string=''"An empty JSON string, as the contract has awareness of the CEP-78 JSON schema. Using the custom-validated modality would require passing through a valid JSON schema for your custom metadata.
-
--session-arg "identifier_mode:u8='0'"The mode used to identify individual NFTs. For 0, this means an ordinal identification sequence rather than by hash.
-
--session-arg "metadata_mutability:u8='0'"A setting allowing for mutability of metadata. This is only available when using the ordinal identification mode, as the hash mode depends on immutability for identification. In this instance, despite ordinal identification, the 0 represents immutable metadata.
The session arguments match the available modalities.
Expand for a sample query and response
casper-client put-deploy --node-address http://localhost:11101/rpc/ \
--chain-name "casper-net-1" \
--payment-amount 500000000000 \
--secret-key ~/casper/casper-node/utils/nctl/assets/net-1/nodes/node-1/keys/secret_key.pem \
--session-path contract/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/contract.wasm \
--session-arg "collection_name:string='CEP-78-collection'" \
--session-arg "collection_symbol:string='CEP78'" \
--session-arg "total_token_supply:u64='100'" \
--session-arg "ownership_mode:u8='2'" \
--session-arg "nft_kind:u8='1'" \
--session-arg "nft_metadata_kind:u8='0'" \
--session-arg "json_schema:string='nft-schema'" \
--session-arg "identifier_mode:u8='0'" \
--session-arg "metadata_mutability:u8='0'"
This command will output the deploy_hash, which can be used in the next step to verify the installation.
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 3104428017957320684,
"result": {
"api_version": "1.0.0",
"deploy_hash": "2b084bdccbaaae2b9c6e4de2f5a6cdf06c72f0d02eaeb7d681a29ebdbe3c92b7"
}
}
Verifying the Installation
Verify the sent deploy using the get-deploy command.
casper-client get-deploy --node-address http://localhost:11101/rpc/ [DEPLOY_HASH]
Expand for sample deploy details
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": -7282936875867676694,
"result": {
"api_version": "1.5.6",
"deploy": {
"hash": "1d1f66b26eb648b5f15bc958a552036e8521b508706056817b0d41c71f6d7afe",
"header": {
"account": "0154d828baafa6858b92919c4d78f26747430dcbecb9aa03e8b44077dc6266cabf",
"timestamp": "2024-02-29T18:28:16.104Z",
"ttl": "30m",
"gas_price": 1,
"body_hash": "90866126c3dbb9a27f672307102bf651663934ee34715d46f9f02caa70226743",
"dependencies": [],
"chain_name": "casper-test"
},
"payment": {
"ModuleBytes": {
"module_bytes": "",
"args": [
[
"amount",
{
"cl_type": "U512",
"bytes": "050088526a74",
"parsed": "500000000000"
}
]
]
}
},
"session": {
"ModuleBytes": {
"module_bytes": "[621680 hex chars]",
"args": [
[
"collection_name",
{
"cl_type": "String",
"bytes": "120000004345502d37382d636f6c6c656374696f6e32",
"parsed": "CEP-78-collection"
}
],
[
"collection_symbol",
{
"cl_type": "String",
"bytes": "050000004345503738",
"parsed": "CEP78"
}
],
[
"total_token_supply",
{
"cl_type": "U64",
"bytes": "6400000000000000",
"parsed": 100
}
],
[
"ownership_mode",
{
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "02",
"parsed": 2
}
],
[
"nft_kind",
{
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "01",
"parsed": 1
}
],
[
"nft_metadata_kind",
{
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "00",
"parsed": 0
}
],
[
"json_schema",
{
"cl_type": "String",
"bytes": "0a0000006e66742d736368656d61",
"parsed": "nft-schema"
}
],
[
"identifier_mode",
{
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "00",
"parsed": 0
}
],
[
"metadata_mutability",
{
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "00",
"parsed": 0
}
]
]
}
},
"approvals": [
{
"signer": "0154d828baafa6858b92919c4d78f26747430dcbecb9aa03e8b44077dc6266cabf",
"signature": "01f866dd88fd179fd214262d0451a92be2673e6d4095eb79beef9e5b8bbbc18862e76c3085dcb1b1ae669a185cb80d94c5084325913b8118338645952bb5ee2200"
}
]
},
"execution_results": [
{
"block_hash": "dca9ff6e9ad7baeead715504dee098069f30dbb9975730be3d3926ab1c58f332",
"result": {
"Success": {
"effect": {
"operations": [],
"transforms": [
{
"key": "account-hash-6174cf2e6f8fed1715c9a3bace9c50bfe572eecb763b0ed3f644532616452008",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-8cf5e4acf51f54eb59291599187838dc3bc234089c46fc6ca8ad17e762ae4401",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-8cf5e4acf51f54eb59291599187838dc3bc234089c46fc6ca8ad17e762ae4401",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-624dbe2395b9d9503fbee82162f1714ebff6b639f96d2084d26d944c354ec4c5",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-8cf5e4acf51f54eb59291599187838dc3bc234089c46fc6ca8ad17e762ae4401",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-010c3fe81b7b862e50c77ef9a958a05bfa98444f26f96f23d37a13c96244cfb7",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-9824d60dc3a5c44a20b9fd260a412437933835b52fc683d8ae36e4ec2114843e",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-010c3fe81b7b862e50c77ef9a958a05bfa98444f26f96f23d37a13c96244cfb7",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "balance-11e6fc5354f61a004df98482376c45964b8b1557e8f2f13fb5f3adab5faa8be1",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "balance-98d945f5324f865243b7c02c0417ab6eac361c5c56602fd42ced834a1ba201b6",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "balance-11e6fc5354f61a004df98482376c45964b8b1557e8f2f13fb5f3adab5faa8be1",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "U512",
"bytes": "05c2d627778f",
"parsed": "616179422914"
}
}
},
{
"key": "balance-98d945f5324f865243b7c02c0417ab6eac361c5c56602fd42ced834a1ba201b6",
"transform": {
"AddUInt512": "500000000000"
}
},
{
"key": "uref-e42cd3ae8b4bd60306a72f0f4e9faa4e114e2e2cce5db03bfdd109a8db888e14-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "Unit",
"bytes": "",
"parsed": null
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-2b61207cd0e94ce1b1d40801b0abb1ab55fd7dae94c9dcf670292243f3791a30",
"transform": "WriteContractPackage"
},
{
"key": "account-hash-e70dbca48c2d31bc2d754e51860ceaa8a1a49dc627b20320b0ecee1b6d9ce655",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "cep78_contract_package_CEP-78-collection",
"key": "hash-2b61207cd0e94ce1b1d40801b0abb1ab55fd7dae94c9dcf670292243f3791a30"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "account-hash-e70dbca48c2d31bc2d754e51860ceaa8a1a49dc627b20320b0ecee1b6d9ce655",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "cep78_contract_package_access_CEP-78-collection",
"key": "uref-e42cd3ae8b4bd60306a72f0f4e9faa4e114e2e2cce5db03bfdd109a8db888e14-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "hash-2b61207cd0e94ce1b1d40801b0abb1ab55fd7dae94c9dcf670292243f3791a30",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-845d3d08e29642afba35704bcb6e38f3c40f1469763bff7a88674c9a5be3f01b",
"transform": "WriteContractWasm"
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": "WriteContract"
},
{
"key": "hash-2b61207cd0e94ce1b1d40801b0abb1ab55fd7dae94c9dcf670292243f3791a30",
"transform": "WriteContractPackage"
},
{
"key": "account-hash-e70dbca48c2d31bc2d754e51860ceaa8a1a49dc627b20320b0ecee1b6d9ce655",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "cep78_contract_hash_CEP-78-collection",
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-0545c60c0a55e4d8a10fe0c3b2d356150b082e2243b6795b34f67643e4ca13d0-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "U32",
"bytes": "01000000",
"parsed": 1
}
}
},
{
"key": "account-hash-e70dbca48c2d31bc2d754e51860ceaa8a1a49dc627b20320b0ecee1b6d9ce655",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "cep78_contract_version_CEP-78-collection",
"key": "uref-0545c60c0a55e4d8a10fe0c3b2d356150b082e2243b6795b34f67643e4ca13d0-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-2b61207cd0e94ce1b1d40801b0abb1ab55fd7dae94c9dcf670292243f3791a30",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "hash-845d3d08e29642afba35704bcb6e38f3c40f1469763bff7a88674c9a5be3f01b",
"transform": "Identity"
},
{
"key": "uref-5aed76a73089e7e32f6fbf5d9a9597843215d4810cd5822c0f5c6e65a0bbb7a3-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "String",
"bytes": "120000004345502d37382d636f6c6c656374696f6e32",
"parsed": "CEP-78-collection"
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "collection_name",
"key": "uref-5aed76a73089e7e32f6fbf5d9a9597843215d4810cd5822c0f5c6e65a0bbb7a3-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-ba4247cc0354644474758d1292924c5115c61c8012cae3f094a91060d9dff779-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "String",
"bytes": "050000004345503738",
"parsed": "CEP78"
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "collection_symbol",
"key": "uref-ba4247cc0354644474758d1292924c5115c61c8012cae3f094a91060d9dff779-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-e5f06deadcbfe5a469e7c162346580744746bfdc0ec67002e0ecba5b11096827-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "U64",
"bytes": "6400000000000000",
"parsed": 100
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "total_token_supply",
"key": "uref-e5f06deadcbfe5a469e7c162346580744746bfdc0ec67002e0ecba5b11096827-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-89711af74265427dc65d7c5a421cedde82de69d192cad36f34efa36504108572-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "02",
"parsed": 2
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "ownership_mode",
"key": "uref-89711af74265427dc65d7c5a421cedde82de69d192cad36f34efa36504108572-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-e02c29a6120d5da7f14fb664ca60c3ade56a3171a670c292d0a4ea0f9ae4f0c8-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "01",
"parsed": 1
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "nft_kind",
"key": "uref-e02c29a6120d5da7f14fb664ca60c3ade56a3171a670c292d0a4ea0f9ae4f0c8-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-772103052d4559fcc2f8f2c2568eb75214462d463009106938e6f20e1cc0a7c0-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "String",
"bytes": "0a0000006e66742d736368656d61",
"parsed": "nft-schema"
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "json_schema",
"key": "uref-772103052d4559fcc2f8f2c2568eb75214462d463009106938e6f20e1cc0a7c0-007"
}
]
}
},
{
"key": "uref-3b45a30c98d90de2c62812c6689aa2fac0cb4d08772fcfdee0584c5db2b1d12a-000",
"transform": {
"WriteCLValue": {
"cl_type": "U8",
"bytes": "00",
"parsed": 0
}
}
},
{
"key": "hash-378a43e38bc5129d8aa3bcd04f5c9a97be73f85b5be574182ac1346f04520796",
"transform": {
"AddKeys": [
{
"name": "minting_mode",
"key": "uref-3b45a30c98d90de2c62812c6689aa2fac0cb4d08772fcfdee0584c5db2b1d12a-007"
}
]
}
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}
}
Next Steps
- Learn to Query the NFT contract
- Learn to Mint, Transfer, and Burn NFT tokens